设计加固学习(RL)代理通常是一个艰难的过程,需要大量的设计迭代。由于多种原因,学习可能会失败,并且标准RL方法提供的工具太少,无法洞悉确切原因。在本文中,我们展示了如何将价值分解整合到一类广泛的参与者批评算法中,并使用它来协助迭代代理设计过程。价值分解将奖励函数分为不同的组件,并学习每个组件的价值估计值。这些价值估计提供了对代理商的学习和决策过程的见解,并使新的培训方法可以减轻常见问题。作为演示,我们介绍了SAC-D,这是一种适合价值分解的软角色批评(SAC)的变体。 SAC-D保持与SAC相似的性能,同时学习一组更大的价值预测。我们还介绍了基于分解的工具来利用此信息,包括新的奖励影响指标,该指标衡量了每个奖励组件对代理决策的影响。使用这些工具,我们提供了分解用于识别和解决环境和代理设计问题的几种证明。价值分解广泛适用,易于将其纳入现有算法和工作流程中,使其成为RL从业人员的工具箱中的强大工具。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Due to the high activation sparsity and use of accumulates (AC) instead of expensive multiply-and-accumulates (MAC), neuromorphic spiking neural networks (SNNs) have emerged as a promising low-power alternative to traditional DNNs for several computer vision (CV) applications. However, most existing SNNs require multiple time steps for acceptable inference accuracy, hindering real-time deployment and increasing spiking activity and, consequently, energy consumption. Recent works proposed direct encoding that directly feeds the analog pixel values in the first layer of the SNN in order to significantly reduce the number of time steps. Although the overhead for the first layer MACs with direct encoding is negligible for deep SNNs and the CV processing is efficient using SNNs, the data transfer between the image sensors and the downstream processing costs significant bandwidth and may dominate the total energy. To mitigate this concern, we propose an in-sensor computing hardware-software co-design framework for SNNs targeting image recognition tasks. Our approach reduces the bandwidth between sensing and processing by 12-96x and the resulting total energy by 2.32x compared to traditional CV processing, with a 3.8% reduction in accuracy on ImageNet.
translated by 谷歌翻译
Simulating rigid collisions among arbitrary shapes is notoriously difficult due to complex geometry and the strong non-linearity of the interactions. While graph neural network (GNN)-based models are effective at learning to simulate complex physical dynamics, such as fluids, cloth and articulated bodies, they have been less effective and efficient on rigid-body physics, except with very simple shapes. Existing methods that model collisions through the meshes' nodes are often inaccurate because they struggle when collisions occur on faces far from nodes. Alternative approaches that represent the geometry densely with many particles are prohibitively expensive for complex shapes. Here we introduce the Face Interaction Graph Network (FIGNet) which extends beyond GNN-based methods, and computes interactions between mesh faces, rather than nodes. Compared to learned node- and particle-based methods, FIGNet is around 4x more accurate in simulating complex shape interactions, while also 8x more computationally efficient on sparse, rigid meshes. Moreover, FIGNet can learn frictional dynamics directly from real-world data, and can be more accurate than analytical solvers given modest amounts of training data. FIGNet represents a key step forward in one of the few remaining physical domains which have seen little competition from learned simulators, and offers allied fields such as robotics, graphics and mechanical design a new tool for simulation and model-based planning.
translated by 谷歌翻译
Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) is a powerful tool in molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), but RHEED images are often difficult to interpret, requiring experienced operators. We present an approach for automated surveillance of GaAs substrate deoxidation in MBE reactors using deep learning based RHEED image-sequence classification. Our approach consists of an non-supervised auto-encoder (AE) for feature extraction, combined with a supervised convolutional classifier network. We demonstrate that our lightweight network model can accurately identify the exact deoxidation moment. Furthermore we show that the approach is very robust and allows accurate deoxidation detection during months without requiring re-training. The main advantage of the approach is that it can be applied to raw RHEED images without requiring further information such as the rotation angle, temperature, etc.
translated by 谷歌翻译
从有限的资源中获得最大收益可以进步自然语言处理(NLP)研究和实践,同时保守资源。这些资源可能是数据,时间,存储或能源。NLP的最新工作从缩放率产生了有趣的结果。但是,仅使用比例来改善结果意味着资源消耗也会扩展。这种关系激发了对有效方法的研究,这些方法需要更少的资源才能获得相似的结果。这项调查涉及NLP效率的方法和发现,旨在指导该领域的新研究人员并激发新方法的发展。
translated by 谷歌翻译
在线自主代理能够利用各种潜在的任务知识来源;但是,目前的方法总是只关注一两个。在这里,我们调查了利用多样化知识源以一记模拟的家用移动机器人的新任务学习的挑战和影响。在SOAR认知体系结构中开发的最终代理使用以下域和任务知识来源:与环境的互动,任务执行和规划知识,人类自然语言指导以及从大语言模型(GPT-3)检索到的响应。我们探讨了这些知识来源的不同贡献,并在学习正确的任务知识,人力工作量和计算成本方面评估了不同组合的性能。结合所有来源的结果表明,整合可以在计算成本和人力工作量方面改善一声任务学习。
translated by 谷歌翻译
人类活动识别(HAR)是使用有效的机器学习(ML)方法将传感器数据解释为人类运动的问题。 HAR系统依靠来自不受信任的用户的数据,使他们容易受到数据中毒攻击的影响。在中毒攻击中,攻击者操纵传感器读数以污染训练集,从而误导了har以产生错误的结果。本文介绍了针对HAR系统的标签翻转数据中毒攻击的设计,在数据收集阶段,传感器读数的标签发生了恶意更改。由于传感环境中的噪音和不确定性,这种攻击对识别系统构成了严重威胁。此外,当将活动识别模型部署在安全至关重要的应用中时,标记翻转攻击的脆弱性是危险的。本文阐明了如何通过基于智能手机的传感器数据收集应用程序在实践中进行攻击。据我们所知,这是一项较早的研究工作,它通过标签翻转中毒探索了攻击HAR模型。我们实施了提出的攻击并根据以下机器学习算法进行活动识别模型进行测试:多层感知器,决策树,随机森林和XGBoost。最后,我们评估了针对拟议攻击的基于K-Nearest邻居(KNN)的防御机制的有效性。
translated by 谷歌翻译
机器学习(ML)研究通常集中在模型上,而最突出的数据集已用于日常的ML任务,而不考虑这些数据集对基本问题的广度,困难和忠诚。忽略数据集的基本重要性已引起了重大问题,该问题涉及现实世界中的数据级联以及数据集驱动标准的模型质量饱和,并阻碍了研究的增长。为了解决此问题,我们提出Dataperf,这是用于评估ML数据集和数据集工作算法的基准软件包。我们打算启用“数据棘轮”,其中培训集将有助于评估相同问题的测试集,反之亦然。这种反馈驱动的策略将产生一个良性的循环,该循环将加速以数据为中心的AI。MLCommons协会将维护Dataperf。
translated by 谷歌翻译
分销语义提供了研究形态学语义的新方法。这项研究的重点是名词奇异人的语义及其在英语中的复数变种变体。我们的目标是比较两个模型的多元化概念化。一个模型(FRACSS)提出,在预测来自单数语义的复数语义时,应考虑所有奇异对。另一个模型(CCA)认为,多元化的概念化主要取决于基本单词的语义类别。我们根据大量的美国英语语音与两个模型预测的语义矢量相一致的大量语料库中复数代币的语音信号的方式进行比较。采用了两项措施:表单与义映射的性能以及形式距离和含义距离之间的相关性。结果收敛于CCA的优质比对。我们的结果表明,基于用法的多元化方法,其中给定单词自己的语义社区的优先级优于理论,根据该理论,多元化被概念化为基于高级抽象的过程。我们看到,经常被认为是一个高度抽象的概念,[+复数]可以通过中级部分概括的家庭更好地捕获。
translated by 谷歌翻译
组织病理学仍然是各种癌症诊断的黄金标准。计算机视觉的最新进展,特别是深度学习,促进了针对各种任务的组织病理学图像的分析,包括免疫细胞检测和微卫星不稳定性分类。每个任务的最新工作通常采用鉴定的基础体系结构,这些体系结构已鉴定为图像分类。开发组织病理学分类器的标准方法倾向于将重点放在优化单个任务的模型上,而不是考虑建模创新的各个方面,从而改善了跨任务的概括。在这里,我们提出了Champkit(模型预测工具包的全面组织病理学评估):可扩展的,完全可重现的基准测试工具包,由大量的斑点级图像分类任务组成,跨不同的癌症。 Champkit能够系统地记录模型和方法中提议改进的性能影响的一种方法。 Champkit源代码和数据可在https://github.com/kaczmarj/champkit上自由访问。
translated by 谷歌翻译